{"id":1695,"date":"2024-10-12T04:01:00","date_gmt":"2024-10-12T04:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/friscotimes.org\/?p=1695"},"modified":"2024-10-12T04:01:00","modified_gmt":"2024-10-12T04:01:00","slug":"china-nepal-borders-html","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/friscotimes.org\/?p=1695","title":{"rendered":"How China has Encroached on Nepali territory"},"content":{"rendered":"


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The Chinese fence traces a furrow in the Himalayas, its barbed wire and concrete ramparts separating Tibet from Nepal. Here, in one of the more isolated places on earth, China\u2019s security cameras keep watch alongside armed sentries in guard towers.<\/p>\n

High on the Tibetan Plateau, the Chinese have carved a 600-feet-long message on a hillside: \u201cLong live the Chinese Communist Party,\u201d inscribed in characters that can be read from orbit.<\/p>\n

Just across the border, in Nepal\u2019s Humla District, residents contend that along several points of this distant frontier, China is encroaching on Nepali territory.<\/p>\n

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Source: OpenStreetMap, ESRI<\/p>\n

By Agnes Chang<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

The Nepalis have other complaints, too. Chinese security forces are pressuring ethnic Tibetan Nepalis not to display images of the Dalai Lama, the exiled Tibetan spiritual leader, in Nepali villages near the border, they say. And with the recent proliferation of Chinese barriers and other defenses, a people have also been divided. The stream of thousands of Tibetans who once escaped Chinese government repression by fleeing to Nepal has almost entirely vanished.<\/p>\n

Yet Nepal\u2019s leaders have refused to acknowledge China\u2019s imprints on their country. Ideologically and economically tied to China, successive Nepali governments have ignored a 2021 fact-finding report that detailed various border abuses in Humla.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is the new Great Wall of China,\u201d said Jeevan Bahadur Shahi, the former provincial chief minister of the area. \u201cBut they don\u2019t want us to see it.\u201d<\/p>\n

China\u2019s fencing along the edge of Nepal\u2019s Humla District is just one segment of a fortification network thousands of miles long that Xi Jinping\u2019s government has built to reinforce remote reaches, control rebellious populations and, in some cases, push into territory that other nations consider their own.<\/p>\n

The fortification building spree, accelerated during Covid and backed by dozens of new border settlements, is imposing Beijing\u2019s Panopticon security state on far-flung areas. It is also placing intense pressure on China\u2019s poorer, weaker neighbors.<\/p>\n

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Chinese buildings stand just meters away from a border fence splitting Tibet and Nepal.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

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Without proper roads, it takes goat herders three days to cover the seven miles from Simikot, Nepal, to Humla.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

China borders 14 other countries by land. Its vast frontier, on land and at sea, remained largely peaceful as China\u2019s economy grew to become the world\u2019s second-largest. But amid Mr. Xi\u2019s tenure, Beijing is redefining its territorial limits, leading to small skirmishes and outright conflict.<\/p>\n

\u201cUnder Xi Jinping, China has doubled down on efforts to assert its territorial claims in disputed areas along its periphery,\u201d said Brian Hart, a fellow at the China Power Project of the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington.<\/p>\n

Viewed individually, each action along China\u2019s borders \u2014 fortifying boundaries, contesting territory and pushing into disputed zones \u2014 might seem only incremental. But the aggregated result is startling.<\/p>\n

Near its eastern maritime reaches, in what are internationally recognized as Philippine waters, China has turned a coral reef into a military base. On its far western land border, China\u2019s People\u2019s Liberation Army has pushed into disputed mountain territory shared with South Asian neighbors.<\/p>\n

Two dozen soldiers from India and China, both nuclear powers, died in high-altitude, hand-to-hand combat in 2020. Another border clash two years later injured more soldiers.<\/p>\n

China\u2019s border buildup is a major reason that the U.S. Department of Defense, in its 2023 China Military Power Report<\/a>, declared that China has \u201cadopted more dangerous, coercive, and provocative actions in the Indo-Pacific region.\u201d<\/p>\n

The shifting security landscape is drawing the attention of global powers and leading to new alliances. Small nations with ties to China, like Nepal, are vulnerable, even as they downplay or deny border disputes for fear of losing Beijing\u2019s economic favor.<\/p>\n

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An eatery in Hilsa, a village in the Humla district. Humla is Nepal\u2019s poorest and least developed district.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

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The Nepali border security police office in Hilsa. Vulnerable nations like Nepal tend to downplay or deny border disputes for fear of losing Beijing\u2019s economic favor.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

\u201cWeaker states like Nepal,\u201d Mr. Hart said, \u201cface immense pressures because of the overwhelming power differential with China.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cIf China does not face costs for encroaching on its weakest neighbors, Beijing will be further emboldened to threaten countries in the region,\u201d he added.<\/p>\n

Nepal\u2019s foreign minister, Arzu Rana Deuba, said in an interview with The New York Times that she had not received complaints about problems on the border with Tibet and that the government\u2019s focus was more on the southern boundary with India, where more Nepalis live.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have not really thought much of looking at the northern border, at least I haven\u2019t,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

A Top Secret Report<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

The distance from Simikot, the capital of Humla District, to the frontier village of Hilsa is 30 miles. But the drive to the border with Tibet takes more than 10 bone-jarring hours through rough, rocky terrain. Humla is unconnected to Nepal\u2019s national road network. Cars and heavy machinery must be flown in.<\/p>\n

Himalayan passes in Humla reach nearly 16,400 feet. Deadly altitude sickness can set in fast. It was to this district, Nepal\u2019s poorest and least developed, that members of a fact-finding mission \u2014 composed of Nepali Home Ministry officials, government surveyors and police personnel \u2014 traveled three years ago.<\/p>\n

Armed with a 1960s map from when Nepal and China formally agreed upon their boundary, they set out to discover whether the official cartography diverged from the reality on the ground. The mission members trekked to remote border pillars. They chatted with yak herders and Tibetan Buddhist monks.<\/p>\n

Eventually, they produced their report to Nepal\u2019s cabinet. And then the report disappeared. The public was not allowed to see it. Even high-ranking officials and politicians were refused access, several people involved said.<\/p>\n

The veil of secrecy extended to the historical map that the mission brought with it. Survey department employees said they have been cautioned that sharing it could be a security breach \u2014 a strange warning for a map accessible in American archives.<\/p>\n

A copy of the report obtained by The Times shows that the government mission documented a series of small border infringements by China. Also coursing through the report are worries about China\u2019s grander geopolitical intentions and fears about upsetting Nepal\u2019s powerful neighbor.<\/p>\n

A nation of 30 million people, Nepal is small, landlocked and underdeveloped. Its government is headed by a Communist, who this year replaced a former Maoist rebel as prime minister. In ideology and in economics, Nepal leans heavily toward China, even as it remains in the orbit of nearby India.<\/p>\n

The report says that in several places in and around Hilsa, China constructed fortifications and other infrastructure, including closed-circuit TV cameras, that are either in Nepal or in a buffer zone between the two countries where building is prohibited by bilateral agreement. Chinese border personnel took over a Nepali irrigation canal fed by the Karnali River, the report said, although the Chinese retreated when the Nepali mission visited.<\/p>\n

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Chinese forces have illegally prevented ethnic Tibetans living in Nepali areas near the border from grazing their livestock and participating in religious activities, the report said. Such constraints bring extraterritorial menace to Mr. Xi\u2019s campaign of repression in Tibet.<\/p>\n

The report advised that Nepal and China urgently needed to address various border disputes, but a bilateral mechanism for resolving border problems, which includes joint inspections, has been stalled since 2006.<\/p>\n

N.P. Saud, Nepal\u2019s foreign minister until March, said in an interview with The Times that bilateral \u201cborder meetings are held frequently.\u201d<\/p>\n

But one of Mr. Saud\u2019s deputies told The Times that no border inspections had occurred in more than 17 years. Asked about this, Mr. Saud amended his statement.<\/p>\n

\u201cI can share with you that the joint inspection team will work soon,\u201d he said. \u201cI can\u2019t tell you the exact time until it is finalized.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mr. Saud said that he did not know why the Humla report had not been made public.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe border of a country,\u201d he said, \u201cis not a matter of secrecy.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mr. Saud said Nepal could not make any determination on the report\u2019s validity until the joint inspections restart.<\/p>\n

\u201cUntil and unless we confirm the report,\u201d he said, \u201chow we can raise the issue internationally with another country?\u201d<\/p>\n

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Building a new road in the Hulma district of Nepal, which is unconnected to the national road network.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

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Nepali workers loading goods from China outside the Chinese customs office in Hilsa.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

Ms. Deuba, who replaced Mr. Saud as foreign minister, said she was not aware of the report or of Chinese fencing on the border.<\/p>\n

The Chinese Embassy in Kathmandu declined to comment.<\/p>\n

The Chinese government says that it is a force for peace in the region. In an article in the party-run People\u2019s Daily, Pan Yue, the head of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, wrote last year that China \u201cnever sought to conquer or expand territorially, never colonized neighboring countries.\u201d<\/p>\n

History collides with such national mythmaking. In 1979, Chinese forces briefly invaded Vietnam, which China had once controlled for a millennium. Since the People\u2019s Republic of China was founded in 1949, China and India have fought two border wars.<\/p>\n

Mr. Shahi, the former provincial chief minister from Humla, said that his efforts to publicize Chinese border intrusions have been actively discouraged.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Chinese, they say to our government, and then the government says to me, \u2018If you talk about this border issue, then they will stop trade, they will stop everything,\u201d he said. \u201cWho the hell can say this to me about our land?\u201d<\/p>\n

A Holy Land, Divided<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

The border fence separating Hilsa from Chinese-controlled Tibet cleaves not only nations but centuries. On the Chinese side, modern buildings feature glass atriums, armored vehicles glide along paved roads and floodlights blaze in the night sky. Nepal, by contrast, seems stuck in a bygone era. Ramshackle shelters hunch in the cold. There is not an inch of asphalt or any reliable electricity.<\/p>\n

<\/figure>\n

The Chinese side used to be nearly as remote, the seclusion broken only by a flow of pilgrims to Mount Kailash, which is holy to four faiths. But as part of a push into lands populated by ethnic minorities, the Chinese government has seeded Tibet and the neighboring Xinjiang region with new infrastructure.<\/p>\n

Migrants from China\u2019s Han ethnic majority have poured in, including to the Tibetan town of Purang near the border with Hilsa. A new high-altitude airport in Purang, a feat of engineering, serves both civilian and military purposes, part of a transportation network that gives the People\u2019s Liberation Army easy access to border areas. Just 20 miles away is the junction of China, Nepal and India.<\/p>\n

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The Nepali side of the border seems stuck in a bygone era, without asphalt or any reliable electricity.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

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A Tibetan Buddhist altar in Hilsa. Ethnic Tibetans live in Nepal, which has become a destination for Chinese Tibetans fleeing Beijing\u2019s effort to pacify ethnic minorities.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

Beijing considers a large swath of Indian-controlled territory along the Tibet-India boundary to be its own, calling it \u201cSouth Tibet.\u201d On the border with tiny Bhutan, China claims more disputed land and has built settlements there.<\/p>\n

The Chinese focus on Tibet reflects more than geopolitical ambitions. Mr. Xi\u2019s government has overseen a brutal effort to pacify ethnic minorities. High-tech surveillance of Tibetans, and the fortification of the border, has all but severed their escape route into Nepal, where ethnic Tibetans also live.<\/p>\n

Chinese police and border guards, Hilsa residents say, regularly cross over to Nepal without going through normal immigration procedures. They intimidate ethnic Tibetan Nepalis and have captured some of the few Tibetans who succeeded in fleeing to Nepal, said Lhamu Lama, a Humla District village administrator.<\/p>\n

An officer with the Nepali paramilitary police in Hilsa said that last year his commander asked the Chinese to retreat from an area that the 1960s official map indicated was not Chinese land. The Chinese never responded, said the officer, who did not want his name used because he was not authorized to speak to the news media.<\/p>\n

\u201cChina is big and powerful so it can do what it wants,\u201d said Pema Wangmu Lama, who was born in Tibet but now lives in Nepal. \u201cEven if Hilsa is swallowed up one day, who would know or care what\u2019s happening here?\u201d<\/p>\n

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A fence built by the Chinese to prevent Tibetans from entering into Nepal on the banks of the Karnali river in Hilsa.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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